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The elevated SIRT7 levels were accompanied by increased (pT172) AMPK levels and decreased (pS9)GSK3 and (pS473)AKT levels, representing activated AMPK, inactivated GSK3 and inhibited AKT, respectively

Tsvetkov et al., 2022)

Nicotinamide decreases cytokine-induced activation of orbital fibroblasts from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

NAD+ precursors enter cells through specific pathways and help create NAD+ through several metabolic routes: De novo synthesis pathway : The liver creates NAD+ from L-tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway Preiss-Handler pathway : This converts nicotinic acid (NA) to NAD+ NAM salvage pathway : This pathway recycles nicotinamide (NAM) back into NAD+ and serves as the main pathway for NAD+ production Gene expression data shows the salvage pathway produces 99.3% of cardiac NAD+ stores