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By exposure to renal epithelial cell medium supplemented with a combination of bone morphogenetic protein, activin A and FGF, human ESCs were induced to differentiate into proximal tubular-like cells (234)

Ferroptosis occurs due to its iron-dependent catalysis of lipid peroxidation, leading to the accumulation of lipid peroxides (lipid ROS) in cell membranes and the subsequent cell demise [8, 9]

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These changes were likely a result of FPN-induced oxidative stress, generation of ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cytoskeleton disruption, which consequently led to cell death 62,63