literature on the treatment of vascular kidney disease with l-carnitine Carnitine metabolic disorders and novel clinical approaches: Mechanistic insights from deficiency management to liver and The effects of L-carnitine in

doi: 10.1038/nbt.1651

These metabolites can have a variety of effects on the body, both positive and negative ( 3.1 Short chain fatty acids The SCFAs are carboxylic acids with less than six carbons, produced by the fermentation of dietary fibers and non-digestible carbohydrates, that evade digestion by host enzymes in the upper gut and are metabolized by bacteria in the cecum and colon, with decline concentrations from proximal to the distal colon as the substrates used for fermentation are exhausted gradually (65)

Volume overload Expansion of extracellular fluid volume, which is common in patients with CKD and is associated with anaemia, hypertension, proteinuria, arterial stiffness and inflammation

LifeSci 1989