glutathione peroxidase and alcoholism (GPX) specific activity in the serum of control Glutathione Peroxidases: An Emerging and

10.1111/apt.12147 281

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However, due to the biological barrier of cell membrane, most biomacromolecules cannot enter the cells and perform their biological effects 20

The researchers on this paper speculated that thymoquinone, or TQ, the primary active constituent of [BSO], may have been primarily responsible for the effect because TQ protects cells against oxidative damage induced by a variety of free radical-generating pathologies, and it also stimulates the production of acetylcholine, which causes the release of melanin and darkening of the skin through stimulation of cholinergic receptors