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However, dysregulation of the HPA axis is a hallmark of depressive disorders, often manifesting as chronic hypercortisolism and impaired glucocorticoid feedback inhibition, both of which contribute to neuronal damage, synaptic dysfunction, and emotional instability

3 While not a disease itself, chronic tinnitus is almost always a symptom of an underlying condition

However its association with alanine transaminase (ALT) elevation, considered a surrogate marker for liver injury, has led to uncertainty about its safety margin in patients with preexisting liver disease 4

Besides intestine and kidney, OCTN2 is expressed in several tissues such as placenta, mammary gland, liver, heart, testis, skeletal muscle, and brain, where it is also expressed at the level of the blood-brain barrier (BBB