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Indeed, melatonin activates MPK3 and MPK6 via four MKKs (i.e., MKK4/5/7/9) (210), and MAPKKK 3 and OXI 1 (oxidative signal-inducible 1) kinases are responsible for triggering melatonin-induced defense signaling pathways (211)

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Therefore, we hypothesize that foliar application of GSH-Au NCs will enhance thermotolerance in sweet potato by (i) improving photosynthetic efficiency through increased pigment content, Rubisco activity, and gas exchange, (ii) strengthening redox balance via activation of the AsA-GSH cycle, glyoxalase system, antioxidant defenses, and related gene expression, and (iii) preserving structural integrity, including stomatal behavior and chloroplast ultrastructure