FDA adopted the same defined fragment in its 2026 review
however, limited availability and cost may prohibit use
Abbreviations 1,8-cineol: Eucalyptol ABCG2: ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 ADA: Adenosine deaminase AE: Alpinia oxyphylla Seed extract AML12: Alpha mouse liver 12 AR: Alismatis rhizoma ASC: Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD ATP: Adenosine triphosphate BAL: Baicalein BBR: Berberine BF-2: Baeckein E BMDMs: Bone marrow-derived macrophages BUN: Blood urea nitrogen BuOHfr: N -Butanol-soluble fraction CASP3 : Caspase 3 CASP8 : Caspase 8 CCr: Creatinine clearance rate CEE: Crude ethanol extract CMBE: Chrysanthemum morifolium Boju Extract CMEE: Chrysanthemum morifolium Ethanol extract CSAE: Celery seed aqueous extract CSOL: Celery seed oil extract CuB: Cucurbitacin B CUr: Uric acid clearance rate DHB: Dihydroberberine EGCG: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate EMT: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition EP: Ethanol extract FEUA: Fractional excretion of uric acid FEUA: Fractional excretion of uric acid FGE: Fructus gardenia GLUT9: Glucose transporter 9 GSH: Glutathione GTP: Green tea polyphenols H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin Hesperetin: 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-4-methoxyflavanone HIF - 1 : Hypoxia-inducible factor - 1 HK-2: Human renal tubular epithelial cells HUA: Hyperuricemia IC50: Half-maximal inhibitory concentration ICR: Institute of Cancer Research IFNG: Interferon-gamma IL-1: Interleukin-1 IL-17: Interleukin-17 IL-18: Interleukin-18 IL-1: Interleukin-1 IL-6: Interleukin-6 IB: Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B JAK2: Janus kinase 2 Ki : Inhibitory constant LPS: Lipopolysaccharide LPS: Lipopolysaccharide MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK1: Mitogenactivated protein kinase 1 mGLUT9: Mouse glucose transporter 9 MMP-7: Matrix metalloproteinase-7 MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 mOAT1: Mouse organic anion transporter 1 mOCT1: Mouse organic cation transporter 1 mOCT2: Mouse organic cation transporter 2 mOCTN2: Mouse organic cation transporter 2 mOTA: Mouse organic anion transporter 1 MPO: Myeloperoxidase MSU: Monosodium urate MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide mURAT1: Mouse urate transporter 1 MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B NFKBIA: NFKB inhibitor alpha NLRP3: NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance NPT1: Sodium/phosphate cotransporter 1 OAT3: Organic anion transporter 3 OLE: Olea europaea Leaf dry extract PAM: PI3K/AKT/mTOR PGE2: Prostaglandin E2 PI: Propidium iodide PO: Potassium oxonate PRISMA: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses QZTBD: Chinese qu-zhuo-tong-bi decoction RDP-1: Rice-derived peptide 1 RelA: NF-B p65 ROS: Reactive oxygen species RSG: Rhizoma smilacis glabrae RT-PCR: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction SLC : Solute carrier family SMA: Smooth muscle actin SMM: Simiao pill module SOD: Superoxide dismutase SOD: Superoxide dismutase SPR: Surface plasmon resonance SQ: Shuang-qi STZ: Streptozotocin T - AOC : Total antioxidant capacity THP: Tetrahydropalmatine THP: Tetrahydropalmatine TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha TRPV1: Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 UA: Uric acid URAT1: Urate anion transporter 1 URAT1: Urate Transporter 1 WLS: Wuling San WP: Aqueous extract XO: Xanthine oxidase XOR: Xanthine oxidoreductase XOR: Xanthine oxidoreductase -LA: -Lipoic acid References Abdulhafiz F, Mohammed A, Kayat F, Bhaskar M, Hamzah Z, Podapati SK, Reddy LV (2020a) Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, chemical composition, antioxidant properties and GC-MS analysis of keladi candik (Alocasia longiloba Miq)
These agents enhance liver functions by assisting in the metabolism of fat, preventing cholesterol buildup, and removing toxins from the liver
