cigarette smoke reduces mitochondrial membrane potential lung epithelial cells causes a bioenergetic crisis in RPE involving the downregulation of HIF-1α under normoxia A chronic whole cigarette smoke

A chronic whole cigarette smoke extract model reveals redoxmitochondrial adaptation in human lung epithelial and organoid models Experimental & Molecular Medicine Cigarette smoke induced blockade of the mitochondrial respiratory chain switches lung epithelial cell apoptosis into necrosis American Journal of Physiology Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology American Physiological Society The Convergent Immunopathogenesis of Cigarette Smoke Exposure: From Oxidative Stress to Epigenetic Reprogramming in Chronic Disease Cigarette smoke exposure and alveolar macrophages: mechanisms for lung disease PMC

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