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Similarly, another novel two-stage fermentation, including culture and fermentation stages, was also developed based on the analysis of conventional pH shock fermentation, achieving -PL yield and productivity increases to 32.22 g/L and 5.86 g/L/day, which were 32.3% and 36.6% higher, respectively, than those of the conventional fermentation [82]

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They could not only initiate apoptosis through pathways such as NF-B, MAPK and PKC, but also initiate autophagy through AMPK/mTORC and JNK-Bcl-2/Beclin 1 ( The changes of ferrous ion concentration, lipid peroxides and ferroptosis-related proteins were the key indicators to identify the occurrence of ferroptosis ( 2+ concentration in the cells was significantly increased and the ferroptosis-related protein GPX was significantly decreased, thus contributing to the production of a large amount of ROS and lipid peroxides ( Although many chemotherapeutic drugs could induce ROS production, there was no significant change in the ferroptosis-related characteristics during cell death

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