Surveys across various regions in China among adults aged 1865 years show an annual prevalence of headache as 28.5%, with most cases being primary migraines frequently seen in middle-aged women (Yu et al., 2013, 2012, 2011)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl radicals (OH - ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anions (O 2 ), and lipid peroxides, are molecules highly reactive because of the presence of unpaired electrons ( The oxidant/antioxidant cell balance can by evaluated by several plasma and/or erythrocyte markers ( Oxidative Stress in GH Thyrotoxicosis is a hypermetabolic state characterized by high consumption of intracellular ATP and oxygen, and by dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which leads to saturation of the physiological antioxidant systems, resulting in an uncontrolled production of ROS in peripheral tissues as well as in the thyroid ( in vitro studies have shown that exposure of thyroid cell to H 2 O 2 , particularly when made selenium-deficient, induces DNA double strand breaks, apoptosis, necrosis and mutagenesis ( Animal Studies Studies in animal models suggest that thyrotoxicosis, induced by the administration of triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4), promotes oxidative stress as well as the response of the physiological antioxidant machinery ( Human Studies The most relevant clinical studies on the role of oxidative stress in thyroid diseases have been performed in GH patients, either with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, or after restoration of euthyroidism with antithyroid drugs (ATD) or radioiodine (34, 35)
Interestingly, beyond effects on the five primary pathways, recent studies suggest that certain nootropic compounds may also promote axon regeneration and adult neurogenesis, offering additional therapeutic potential for NDDs
Annu Rev Physiol 71(1):241260 van Hees NJ, Giltay EJ, Tielemans SM, Geleijnse JM, Puvill T, Janssen N, van der Does W (2015) Essential amino acids in the gluten-free diet and serum in relation to depression in patients with celiac disease
