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Abbreviations 17-HSD: 17-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3-HSD: 3-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3' UTR: 3' Untranslated region AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase ATP: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate AR: Acrosome reaction ARE: Antioxidant Response Element ART: Assisted reproductive technologies ASAs: Antisperm antibodies BaP: Benzo--pyrene BER: Base excision repair CAT: Catalase Cdks: Cyclin-dependent kinases CKIs: Cdk inhibitors COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 CYP11A1: Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily A Member 1 DDR: DNA damage response Dpp: Days postpartum FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone GPER: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase GSDMD: Gasdermin D GSK-3: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 hCG: Human chorionic gonadotropin HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha HO-1: Heme Oxygenase-1 HPG: Hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal HRR: Homologous recombination repair HSD17B3: Hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3 HS: Heat stress IDH2: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 ILs: Interleukins iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase LPO: Lipid peroxidation LH: Luteinizing hormone MDA: Malondialdehyde Mfn2: Mitofusin 2 mPTP: Mitochondrial permeability transition pores NER: Nucleotide excision repair NLCs: Nanostructured lipid carriers NLRP3: NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 Nrf2: Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation P4: Progesterone PGCs: Primordial germ cells PGE2: Prostaglandin E2 PD: Polydatin RCTs: Randomized controlled trials ROS: Reactive oxygen species RSV: Resveratrol SIRT1: Sirtuin 1 SOD: Superoxide dismutase STAR: Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor- VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor m: Mitochondrial membrane potential References Brannigan RE, et al

Leaf F v /F m was defined as the ratio of variable fluorescence (F v ) to maximum fluorescence (F m )